Questions On The Doctrine Of Discovery Essay - 2066 Words

Thomas Berumen AIS 304 Professor Harjo October 18, 2016 AIS 304 Midterm 1. The â€Å"Doctrine of Discovery† was a concept used to further colonization and strip land from the indigenous people. According to Class 7 Lecture, it allowed colonial powers to colonize the land that they discovered even if indigenous people already lived there. The doctrine provides â€Å"title to the nation making the discovery† of the land even if the soil is inhabited by natives. Provided the land excluded â€Å"European sovereign†. When European powers establish rule in what is now the United States the government was given the ownership of the lands until they felt the need use of the land. The Indians currently residing in the lands were just inhabitants. The doctrine set for by Chief Justice Marshall was set forth to mimic colonial powers and prevent further European expansion on U.S. soils. Following the Johnson v McIntosh case, it established a preventive measure of Indians and Indian tribes from selling the land to anyone but the United States govern ment. This was to prevent European colonies to develop in the United States. The doctrine was important for the development and expansion of colonial powers, but the implementation was a negative effect by forcefully taking lands from the indigenous. It disowned the culture and lifestyles of millions. Rationally it is a shame that the government chose to deny aboriginal title owners as they should have been allowed to keep their land. I agree in the decisionShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Galileos Letter Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesJessica L. White February 17, 2013 Analysis of Galileo’s Letter The Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany was written by Galileo Galilei in 1615. Galileo was an Italian scientist that began making new discoveries in the heavens in 1609. He discovered many things that did not coincide with the teaching of the church. The Letter of the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany was written by Galileo in response to hearing that the Grand Duchess of Christina criticized the heliocentricRead MoreCan A Party Use The Work Product Of Protect Trial Exhibits At A Pretrial Conference?1533 Words   |  7 Pages ISSUE I. Can a party use the work product doctrine to protect trial exhibits at a pretrial conference? BRIEF ANSWER I. Likely no. While a court may be able to protect trial exhibits, it likely cannot do so under the work product doctrine. DICUSSION While, pretrial conference rules likely do not mandate that courts must allow opposing parties to see each others’ trial exhibits, the use of the work product doctrine in this case was likely incorrectly applied. The Kansas statutes provide for pretrialRead MoreBiblical Truths Of The Christian Bible915 Words   |  4 PagesGod is preached in expository fashion and systematically taught in line with sound doctrine to the children of God, the servants of Christ become fully equipped with the truth of Scripture that is mature in sound doctrine; thus, not deceived and tossed to and fro by the wiles of the devil through the cunning craftiness of his demonic ministers who twist the plain truth about Scripture by teaching the false doctrines of demons therefore by the consistent teaching of Biblical truth the servants of GodRead MoreThe Impact of the Scientific Revolution Upon the Enlightenment 975 Words   |  4 Pagesresulted from the scientific revolution during the sixteenth an d seventeenth century. The scientific revolution and the discoveries made about the natural world would ultimately challenge the way people perceived the world around them. 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For exampleRead More`` Handbook Of Christian Apologetics `` Essay890 Words   |  4 PagesChristian teachings have been challenged by unbelievers since the beginning of history. Today, because the new discoveries of science, the existence of God has been doubted even more, and as a consequence, society has become more selfish, self-centered and self-existent. Questions such as, Does God actually exist? Is there any evidence of his existence? Is it Christianity the only true religion? have been asked by believers and unbelievers through the past centuries. Two philosophers from BostonRead MoreCopernican Heliocentrism Impact to Modern Science1010 Words   |  5 Pagesthe earth was the center of the uni verse. This presentation will articulate two main points: Copernicus’s heliocentric model impact to the Catholic Church and how it helped to revolutionize modern science. I. The Geocentric Model was the accepted doctrine of the Universe’s structure and considered the divine order of planetary alignment and man’s hierarchy in the universe, until Copernican Heliocentrism challenged it. Show visual aid (http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec02.html). HeliocentricRead MoreScience Fiction Influenced Teachings of Enlightenment thinkers, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, and Nicolas de Condorcet805 Words   |  4 Pagesled the Enlightenment thinkers to question the status quo. Thomas Paine was one whose work and writing was influenced by the new views of science and the universe. Paine questioned old superstition and doctrines that could not be proven with evidence. It was the new discoveries of this time that gave people like Paine the confidence in their own minds and thinking. While this new way of thinking left Paine questioning the validity of the bible and doctrine, it did not change his belief inRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Nativism1629 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge can only be formed from empirical experience. The most convincing defense that Locke makes against the doctrine of innate ideas is a rebuttal to the argument that stems from universal consent. If Locke’s criticizers wanted to best dispute Book I of An Essay, they would be wise to bring into question the role of memory in achieving consciousness of innate ideas in the mind. The doctrine of innate ideas necessitates universal consent, and Locke begins his argument by rejecting this very principle

The Manhattan Project Essay - 1507 Words

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was the code name of the America’s attempt to construct an atomic bomb during World War II. It was named after the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, because a lot of it’s earlier research was done in New York City. An atomic bomb is a weapon that uses the energy from a nuclear reaction called Fission for its destruction. The idea that mass could be changed into energy was predicted by Albert Einstein in the earlier part of the 1900’s. John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Walton confirmed this by experiments in 1932. Then in 1938, nuclear fission was discovered by German scientists, and it was feared by many of the U.S. scientists, that Hitler would try to build a†¦show more content†¦It’s first use was made in military action over Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945. The bomb uses a device called an altimeter to measure how far it is from the ground. It sends out radio frequencies which are bounced back to it. Microchips in the bomb determine how far it still has to fall, and when to detonate. The bombs also have fuses in the front which arm ! the bomb. They are not inserted until the bomb is ready to be launched. Before this bomb was developed, another kind was proposed. Uranium-238 could capture a neutron and become Uranium-239. All uranium has 92 protons. U-238 has 146 neutrons, and the added neutron raised the mass to 239. But U-239 is very unstable and it decays to neptunium-239 (93 protons, 146 neutrons), and plutonium-239 (94 protons and 145 neutrons). Plutonium-239 was fissionable, and could be separated from uranium by chemical techniques ( much easier than physical process of separating the different isotopes of 235 and 238 of the same element). The first successful reactor was made at the University of Chicago under the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi. On December 2, 1942 it made a controlled chain reaction. Five large reactors were built at Hanford, Washington, where U-238 was blasted with neutrons to make plutonium. It was then sent to Los Alamos. Since another isotope of plutonium was also fissionable, there was a fear that a chain reaction could start to soon when the pieces of plutonium where broughtShow MoreRelatedThe Manhattan Project1114 Words   |  5 PagesThe Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was to see if making an atomic bomb possible. The success of this project would forever change the world forever making it known that something this powerful can be manmade. The Manhattan Project’s success was something that had an impact on everybody involved since they helped create something with so much destructive power it could destroy a city within seconds. 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The Important of Semantics Knowledge in Teaching English Free Essays

Speech act theory and the analysis of conversations. Sequencing and interpretation in pragmatic theory Jacques Moeschler Department of Linguistics University of Geneva 1. Introduction Conversation has recently become a focus of interest for speech act theory and several proposals have been formulated concerning the possible extension of speech act theory to the analysis of conversation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Important of Semantics Knowledge in Teaching English or any similar topic only for you Order Now This debate (cf. Searle et al. 1992) has to be interpreted as a reactive move rather than as a natural extension of the domain of speech act theory. Nevertheless, this reaction, either sceptical (cf. Searle 1992) or optimistic (cf. Dascal 1992, Vanderveken 1992 and 1994), has brought interesting issues which contrast with the various attempts by linguists at extending speech act theory to the domain of discourse1 . The first purpose of this paper is to explicit the divergence between philosophers and linguists about the possible extension of speech act theory to discourse analysis. This paper has another purpose : it also deals with the possible domain of pragmatic theory with respect to discourse analysis. I shall argue that the main purpose of discourse analysis is the definition of necessary and sufficient 2 MOESCHLER conditions for sequencing and interpretating utterances in discourse. I claim that these two aspects of discourse (sequencing and interpretation) are intrinsically related and cannot be accounted for independently from each other. I claim furthermore that speech act theory cannot give any insight into the sequencing and interpretation problems, because speech act theory is neither a theory of interpretation (it is a theory of meaning) nor a global theory of action. Finally I show how a radical pragmatic theory (in the Gricean sense) accounts for the sequencing and interpretation problems. 2 2. Speech act theory and conversation There is a common sense argument shared by philosophers and linguists in favour of the possible extension of speech act theory to discourse analysis. This argument is the following : Speech acts are not isolated moves in communication : they appear in more global units of communication, defined as conversations or discourses. Vanderveken (1994, 53) gives an explicit version of this thesis when asserting that speakers perform their illocutionary acts within entire conversations where they are most often in verbal interaction with other speakers who reply to them and perform in turn their own speech acts with the same collective intention to pursue with success a certain type of discourse. Thus, above all, the use of language is a social form of linguistic behavior. It consists, in general, of ordered sequences of utterances made by several speakers who tend by their verbal interactions to achieve common discursive goals such as discussing a question, deciding together how to react to a certain situation, negociating, consulting or more simply to exchange greetings and talk for its own sake. For terminological convenience, I will call such ordered sequences of speech acts conversations. SPEECH ACTS AND CONVERSATION 3 The basis of this argument is that conversation is made of sequences of speech acts. This certainly is a plausible theoretical claim3 , but gives rise to a certain number of objections, raised mainly by Searle (1992) in his skeptical argument. These objections concern essentially the possible relations between questions and answers in conversation, and can be stated as follows. First of all, questions are defined in speech acts theory as requests for information, and as such impose representative acts as replies. But this cannot be correct, since a reply may have another illocutionary point (as a promise) if the question is a request for a promise. Secondly, certain questions require a directive as a reply, and not a representative, when the question contains a modal auxiliary verb (cf. the exchange : â€Å"Shall I marry Sally ? † – â€Å"Yes, do†/ â€Å"No, don’t† / â€Å"*Yes, you shall† / â€Å"*No, you shall not†). The third counter-example is given by indirect reponses, which do not satisfy syntactic conditions, although the answer is pragmatically appropriate. To these three arguments, we could add an even more embarrassing one : answer is not a specific illocutionary force, which could be analysed by the seven components of illocutionary force (cf. Searle Vanderveken 1985). Answer is a functional discursive qualification, but certainly not the semantic definition of a speech act type. These objections make explicit an important difference between the structure of illocutionary acts and the structure of conversation. In speech act theory, and more precisely in illocutionary logic, illocutionary force is decomposed into seven components, which are all necessary conditions for the successful and non defective accomplishment of illocutionary acts. These components (cf. Searle Vanderveken 1985, 12-20) are the illocutionary point, the degree of strength of the illocutionary point, the mode of achievement of the illocutionary point, the propositional content conditions of the illocutionary act, the preparatory conditions of the illocutionary act, the sincerity conditions of the illocutionary act, and finally the degree of strength of the sincerity conditions. That predictions 4 MOESCHLER bout the sequencing in conversation are difficult to come by follows from the fact that the internal structure of illocutionary acts (and more specifically the set of conditions for success) cannot determine the set of possible replies for any type of illocutionary act. By contrast, discourse analysis, while specifying sequential relations in discourse between speech acts, does not constrain sequencing in conversation depending on the set of possible components of illocutionary force. The constraints are not structural, in the sense of speech ac t theory, they are on the contrary functional. This means that the basic structures of conversation (exchanges) are made of lower order conversational units (moves) which carry functional properties. If speech act theory has been used so extensively within this paradigm of discourse analysis4 , it is because the functional properties associated with speech acts as units of meaning have been exported to speech acts as units of communication and discourse. This has several consequences for the description of speech acts within discourse analysis. The first consequence is that the structure of conversation is not only based on a hierarchy of constituency, but is also functional. To take a classical discourse model (cf. Sinclair Coulthard 1975), discourse categories (exchange, move, and act) are defined functionally. For instance, an act of ELICITATION is part of a move of ELICITATION, which governs an exchange of ELICITATION. Thus all discourse constituents receive a communicative function, that is, an interactive meaning. But we are here far from the conventional and semantic-meaning defining speech acts in speech act theory5 . As we have just noticed, discourse analysis supposes principles of constituency which allow interpretive or functional inheritance. If we assume, as above, that an ELICITATION is a two-place predicate relating utterance-units and discourse-units, we must assume too that the functional properties of the smallest discourse units (acts) are inherited by the larger constituents (moves and exchanges). This principle is structurally identical to the projection principle in generative grammar : a phrase is a maximal projection of a lexical head (for SPEECH ACTS AND CONVERSATION 5 instance NP is a maximal projection of a N); in discourse, then, an exchange is thus functionally a maximal projection of an act. The principle of functional projection is not a necessary consequence of discourse analysis. Another classical discourse model, the Geneva hierachicalfunctional model (cf. Roulet et al. 1985, Moeschler 1985, Moeschler 1989a) makes a different claim : functional values do not stand in a one-to-one relationship with discourse structures. In this model, there is a basic difference between rules of discourse formation and principles of functional interpretation. The structural dimension is based on the following rules of formation : R1 Units of type Exchange are made of units of type Move. R1’ Exchanges are composed of at least two Moves. R2 Units of type Move are made of units types Act, Move or Exchange. R2’ Moves composed by a single Act are well-formed. R2†Moves composed by an Act and another discourse-unit type (Move or Exchange) are well-formed. R2†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Moves composed by a single Exchange are ill-formed. Thus, the following discourse structures are well-formed : (1) a. b. c. where E = exchange, M = move, A = act The structures in (1a-c) are the hierarchical representations corresponding to the following short exchanges in (2)-(4): (2) A B A B A Are you ready ? We can leave. Are you ready ? Why ? We must leave now. (3) 6 B (4) A B A B A MOESCHLER Okay, but when I am in a hurry, I always forget something. Are you ready ? Because we must leave now. Yes I am Good. Let’s go Let’s go Okay We can represent the bracketting structures given in (1) by the following tree-schemata : (5) (a) E M2 A We can leave. M1 A Are you ready ? (b) E E M2 M M1 M1 M2 M M1 A A A A A A A A A A A A A Are you ready ? Why ? We must leave now. Okay, but when I am in a hurry, I always forget something. (c) M1 E M2 M3 E M2 M3 Are you ready ? Because we must leave now. Yes I am Good Let’s go Let’s go Okay These structures mean that in (5a) the exchange is made of two moves both composed of a single act, in (5b) the exchange is composed of two moves, the second of which is made of an exchange with two moves, and a move composed by an act and a move, and in (5c) the three-move exchange contains in the first move an exchange made of three moves. SPEECH ACTS AND CONVERSATION 7 What are the functional counterparts of the structural aspects of conversational discourse ? There are two dimensions of functional properties associated with the structural device : the first dimension is a restricted inheritance principle, and the second, a general procedure for assigning interpretation to discourse constituents. The first principle is a principle of functional composition : Principle of functional composition (i) Constituents of exchanges bear illocutionary functions. (ii) Constituents of moves bear interactive functions. Definitions (i) Illocutionary functions are of three types : initiative, reactive, and reactive-initiative. (ii) Interactive functions are of two types : directive, and subordinate. The first move of an exchange (M1) is always initiative; the final move of an exchange is always reactive. For instance M2 in the exchange is the reactive move, and M1 is the initiative move. An inserted move (for example M2 in the structure ) is a reactive-initiative move. A directive (D) constituent is of the type move or act, and contains the act from which the move receives its illocutionary function; a subordinate (constituent (of rank act, move or exchange) is cancellable, and generally completes, argues for, or justifies the main or directive constituent of the move. We can now ive the complete hierachical-functional structures given in (1) and (5) as (6) and (6’) : (6) a. b. c. 8 MOESCHLER where E = exchange, sE = subordinate exchange, M = move, sM = subordinate move, dM = directive move, sA = subordinate act, dA = directive act (6’) (a) E M2 dA We can leave. M1 dA Are you ready ? (b) E M2 dM sE M1 M1 M 2 dM dA dA dA sA sA dA dA sA dA dA dA dA dA Are you ready ? Why ? We must leave now. Okay, but when I am in a hurry, I always forget something. (c) M1 E M2 M3 sE M1 M2 M3 Are you ready ? Because we must leave now. Yes I am Good Let’s go Let’s go Okay The second functional counterpart of the stuctural device is a procedure of interpretation assignment. It is not sufficient to have functional values assigned to discourse constituents; required is also to have a procedure governing the assignment of a functional interpretation to each constituent. In other words, the types of structures given in (1), (5) or (6) are syntactic representations of discourse; we need in addition a semantics, which can for instance assign to the hierarchical-functional structures given in (6) the following functional interpretations : SPEECH ACTS AND CONVERSATION 9 (7) a. b. How to cite The Important of Semantics Knowledge in Teaching English, Essay examples

Case Study free essay sample

The corporation is teaching many of its employees—especially those in marketing and sales—to make decisions on the basis of non-verbal communication cues. For Malini Varma, Vice President of CC, focusing on non-verbal communication has become an important part of her inter-personal dealings. Several years ago, Varma became interested in how body movements and mannerisms truly reflect what an individual is saying. Continually reading in this area of study, Varma has been able to make decisions about potential employees and potential customers by â€Å"reading† them. For example, Varma believes that body language can give a person a competitive advantage. It can make the difference when closing the sale, or in CC’s case, hiring new employees. For example, during interviews, Malini pays constant attention to the job candidate’s eye movements and mannerisms. She believes that she can correctly predict of if the candidate will be an aggressive salesperson while simultaneously being personable and friendly. The largest and most feasible benefit of adopting TSCC is the increased information this pricing system provides. TSCC derives and monitors cost drivers that contribute to different expenses including but not limited to occupancy, manufacturing, delivery and administrative expenses. OM then derives a monthly fee for VM based on the expenses it incurs. OM and VM are both encouraged to streamline supply processes as a result of the in-depth understanding of the costs associated with these cost drivers. This is done through different monetary incentives. The first and most obvious one is the lower fees that lower expenses will bring. Because OM derives the fee charged to VM based on these derived cost-drivers, VM knows exactly how to lower its fee. They are able to concentrate their efforts on creating efficiencies in areas where expenses (and thus fees) are highest (refer to Exhibit 1 for a breakdown of some of the different cost drivers and their associated expenses that are exposed and tracked through TSCC). For example, VM knows that if it orders less Stock Keeping Units (SKUs) it can lower its fee substantially. Therefore, VM knows to order more products from fewer manufacturers. Second, OM is encouraged to help VM in this process because its expenses are directly lowered and because of the companies’ â€Å"gain-share† agreement where OM shares in savings generated through TSCC. As a result, a large degree of translucency on both sides is beneficial. For example, OM will give VM detailed information on which SKUs are best to order so that VM may lower its fee because OM knows that if VM’s supplier costs are lowered as a result of a lower fee it will share in VM’s savings. The final direct monetary incentive established in TSCC involves the shared-cost of eliminating errors. Because the companies share (50-50) the costs of eliminating errors in the supply chain, the TSCC program can benefit and become more efficient without hostility’s about who caused or fixed what error. All of these monetary incentives are augmented by the fact that the TSCC agreement has no punitive legal measures. Therefore the companies do not have to fear one another if either make a mistake; teamwork and clarity is encouraged. The primary difficulty with TSCC is that these cost benefits are not immediately evident right away. As shown in Exhibit 2, the current fee of the cost-plus fee structure is better for VM. But overtime, as efficiency increases, the fees of TSCC will decrease. The cost-plus fee program will not have these same returns (in fact the fees will grow as VM orders more) and as a result the TSCC program will generate lower fees in perpetuity. Increased information has cost benefits as noted above but it also has managerial decision-making benefits. For example, understanding the underlying costs in the supply chain with certain products – i. e. for all the different products used in ex-rays while also understanding the revenue generated from those products may influence management decisions. In this way lower-cost, higher-profit products are emphasized. Furthermore, management decisions surrounding expansions, process structuring and goal-setting, among others, also benefit from the increased information TSCC provides. Overall, the increased information TSCC provides in regards to cost drivers allow VM and OM to understand their costs better, incentivize each other to lower costs in the long run, and gives them the ability to set long-term targets and goals in regards to increasing efficiency. Another aspect that TSCC draws value from is the synergic benefits as a result of its institution alongside that of the Alpha-Vendor program. The Alpha-Vendor program allows VM to order many of its supplies with OM and through these large volume orders generate discounts. Through TSCC, VM will generate even more cost savings and multiply the effects of the Alpha-Vendor program because it will direct its large volume orders to more cost efficient manufacturers and SKUs. Furthermore, the Alpha-Vendor program sets a precedent of collaboration and mutual assistance that the TSCC will now build upon. TSCC would be much more expensive and difficult to implement if Alpha-Vendor program was not already in place. For example, the Alpha-Vendor program has created cross-organization positions in the form of dock managers and business integration directors who understand both VM and OM. These cross organization personnel will have a shorter learning curve and will be able to help institute TSCC more quickly and effectively. It is clear that the TSCC program and the Alpha-Vendor program merge well and will produce synergic benefits including lower costs and easier implementation. Finally, the TSCC program has a range of other â€Å"side† benefits that add to its value. First and foremost is the industry power that TSCC will help generate for both OM and VM. If you refer to Exhibit 3, it is clear that both OM and VM rely ultimately on the manufacturers. Furthermore, OM and VM rely on middlemen like GMX (their data processor). But through TSCC these companies combine their strength, data and goals and gain more power over both the manufacturers and the middle-men (the VANs). For example OM may know which manufacturer is better and which is worse but it has no control over purchases because it receives order from providers like VM. But through TSCC it acts as an adviser to VM and as a result VM can make the most efficient purchase choices. This will ultimately force manufacturers to compete more aggressively with each other and drive down their margins. Furthermore, companies like GMX generally deal with providers and distributors separately. But the combined data and translucency that OM and VM share force middle-men like GMX to deal with them as one unit. This allows OM and VM to control GMX and prevent it from taking advantage of its middle position between the two companies. Ultimately, this gained power from the -manufacturers and middle-men that activity based pricing programs like TSCC allow will result in higher margins and better control of the industry and the direction its heading for both distributors and providers. Another side benefit that TSCC produces (especially for VM) is the reinforcement it provides to the companies’ values. Both VM and OM seek to cut costs and increase margins. VM has specifically instituted â€Å"lean† programs and focused on teamwork and quality in the past. The concentration on these values will be amplified by TSCC’s similar concentration on cost cutting and leanness in the supply chain. Therefore, this program will support the vision of both companies and help them encourage the members of their organization to act according to that vision. Finally, the last side benefit the TSCC program will produce is the new knowledge created as a result of instituting the TSCC program. Both companies can do several things with this knowledge including use it to improve their own operations independently (i. e. lower errors in supply chain), share this program with other distributors/providers and more effectively manage their long term goals (i. e. set efficiency targets using cost drivers). In sum, the side benefits of TSCC include increased industry power, reinforcement of company values and increased cross applicable knowledge for both OM and VM. These side benefits add additional value to the TSCC program. Before concluding, a few drawbacks of the TSCC program should be noted. First, the TSCC program decreases the amount of product choice available to VM. OM will hold less SKUs if VM and other providers order less SKUs. Although this will reduce costs and fees, it will also result in fewer products to choose from when providers are ordering. But if TSCC is instituted effectively this decrease in choice should not have an effect on the final product (i. e. he care delivered to the patients) because often many products satisfy needs that just one product/SKU could with the same effect. Another drawback is the other side of the coin of increased industry power; increased reliance. Because both OM and VM will increase their industry power by working together in a more encompassing way (explained above) they will also increase their reliance on one another. Just because the TSCC program’s data is actually kept by GMX does not mean that another distributor/provider could use that data to the same effect (it is tailored data for OM and VM). If the relationship between VM and OM goes awry it could cause the loss of lots of hard-work and money spent on both sides. Therefore, increased reliance is definitely a cost of TSCC. In conclusion, TSCC provides lots of value for both VM and OM and is a very effective alternative to the current cost-plus program. TSCC provides value in a multitude of ways including increased information resulting in lower costs and better decision-making, synergic benefits with the already existing alpha vendor program and side benefits including increased industry power, vision support and knowledge. These benefits are long-run in nature – in fact it is even stated in the case by Daniel Borunda (the main person working in this project on VM’s side) that â€Å"the cost savings from TSCC are an annuity; they just keep on giving. † The TSCC program makes continuous, ongoing improvements to the supply chain (as explained above) while the cost-plus program is short-run by nature and looks for discounts now. This is the key difference between the two programs. This will become clear through the explanation of alternative two. Furthermore, the two main drawbacks of the TSCC program, reduced product choice and increased reliance, are not significant and can be avoided with effective management of the system. It should also be noted that the TSCC is a flexible mechanism and can be manipulated and instituted in other ways; this point will be touched on in the alternative three section of the report.

Ideologies and Popular culture

Popular culture is a source of rich ideological concepts. There are several products of popular culture and they all represent different sociological and ideological viewpoints. Conducting an ideological analysis on a product of popular culture helps reveal the underlying ideologies that are perpetuated or formulated by that product.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ideologies and Popular culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advertisements are good examples of products of popular culture. Advertisements are mostly meant to infiltrate a certain component of the society with the aim of swaying certain views and ideologies. This paper explores the ideologies behind a popular Men’s body wash television commercial. This commercial features a well-built and good-looking man doing things that ordinary men do not do. In the commercial, this gentleman indulges in several ridiculous things that women might fantas ize men doing. During the end of the commercial, the man looks straight at the camera and supposedly addresses the female audience by telling women that their men cannot be like him, but they can at least smell as he does. No seriousness is contained in this commercial but it still carries with it some serious ideologies. The first thing this advertisement does is to misrepresent reality. In the beginning of the commercial, many unrealistic goals are set. Ordinary men cannot undertake the fetes that are accomplished by the gentleman in the commercial. However, the men can at least be able to smell like this gentleman. This gives the men some hope of having some similarities with the commercial’s enviable man. The main objective of this advertisement is to point out at the inadequacies of men and then offer them a means of improving themselves using Old Spice Body Wash. The men contained in the audience can potentially change their ideology about how they are supposed to appea r after watching this commercial. The commercial also leans heavily towards the capitalist ideology by making the men feel like they are lacking something just because they do not own this product.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The humorous nature of this commercial might appeal to many cultures and people. Many people can relate to some of the jokes used in this commercial and subsequently make them part of their social group’s ideology. In addition, the commercial has the ability to formulate a new ideology among men and women. The man in the commercial is addressing women associating good things and moments with Old Spice Body Wash. With time, some women are likely to start believing that women who use this product are likely to have similarities with the man in the commercial. In an attempt to attract women, some men would associate themselves with this product even tually forming a complete ideology about the relationship between the choice in body wash and personal characters. The commercial aims to perpetuate the ideology that real men use Old Spice Body Wash. Advertisements regularly perpetuate ideologies using cultural references. Several people hold what they consider to be solid ideologies. However, a close investigation would reveal they picked the ideologies from products of popular culture. For instance, prior to the Old Spice commercial, several men were not aware of its existence. However, after an intense advertising campaign Old Spice might become part of the society the same way popular products like Apple and Google have become. The ideology about body washes defining manhood might become a mainstream belief as a result of this commercial. In addition, the ideology might contribute to the formation of cultures and sub-cultures. Commercials and other products of popular culture are all directly linked to ideologies. An individual ’s ideologies are a product of his/her culture. The ideologies that are propagated by this commercial will have people who conform to or stand against them. This essay on Ideologies and Popular culture was written and submitted by user Kaylynn C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lone Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay Essays

Lone Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay Essays Lone Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay Essay Lone Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay Essay In a recent survey, Rafferty and Wiggan 2011 province, in the yesteryear, lone parents with kids below 16 old ages of age had the right to seek paid work or non, without hazard of countenance. The recommendations of the Freud Review ( 2007 ) of Welfare-to-Work proviso and the 2007 Green Paper on Welfare Reform, In Work Better Off, marked a critical stage in policy, suggesting a new societal understanding that reinforced lone parents duty to seek paid work ( Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) , 2007 ) . Since October 2008, lone parents whose youngest dependent kid is above 12 old ages of age are no longer eligible for Income Support ( IS ) on the evidences of being a lone parent. From 2010, this was extended to lone parents whose youngest dependent kid was above seven old ages old and this was further extended in the Budget 2010 to those whose who s youngest dependent kid being i ¬?ve or over ( Great Britain, Parliament, Her Majesty s Treasury, 2010 ) . This paper will analyze the deductions of the Government s policy aims and their vision that it is right to anticipate people to do every attempt to acquire themselves ready for work, every bit good as raising outlooks. The authorities purpose is that those who find work benefit from higher income and improved well-being. There are besides financial benefits, with a lower benefit burden the authorities estimates that this policy alteration will impact about 100,000 individual parents in 2011and make nest eggs of ?380m between 2011 and 2015 ( Tickle, 2010 ) there is besides broad societal additions with decreased grownup and kid poorness through increased employment ( DWP, 2008 ) . Lone parents feel that their concerns have been disregarded ; that being a parent is a full clip occupation and there are deficient flexible, family friendly occupations available ( Woods, 2010 ) . Gordon ( 2002 ) stated that uncertainness about how to acquire benefits reinstated rapidly if the occupation did non work out has placed another barrier in the manner of seeking employment every bit good as the loss of Housing Benefit and alterations in their Working Tax Credit. This is reinforced by the Policy Studies Institute ( 1996 ) which found that many out of work lone parents say they are unable to take paid occupations, even if they could happen low-cost child care and the biggest ground given was that their kids were excessively immature and needed their female parent at place. Channel 4 News ( 2011 ) broadcast that as the new public assistance reforms for individual parents come into force, lone parents are being set up to neglect ( Gingerbread, 2011 ) . Gordon, ( 2002 ) besides stated that policies pursued by consecutive Conservative authoritiess throughout the 1980s and 1990s led to a monolithic addition in the figure of low-income families and households. New Labour changed way and had policies on doing work wage by making a livable minimal pay and a public assistance political orientation, which emphasised the importance of maternal attention. One of the anchors of New Labour s scheme to cut down public assistance dependence was making work wage , a scheme that was particularly directed at lone parents through increased financially supported child care and a specific New Deal which started after the 1997 election. This targeted lone parents amongst other vulnerable groups. The programme was voluntary and offered a mixture of occupation hunt support, preparation and practical support for the passage to work. There were merely limited chances for preparation, with the chief focal point being on acquiring lone parents back into wo rk. Gregg, Harkness and Smith ( 2007 ) province that Government policies to assist lone parents back into work and cut down degrees of poorness, could had a profoundA difference and alter the quality of life for solitary parent households. The UKs committedness to a personalised, bespoke, support is limited because of the deficiency of resources and preparation. Cunningham A ; Cunningham ( 2008 ) stated that Social Workers ( SW ) should be cognizant of lone parents and their battle with poorness and employability because poorness is a cardinal and defining characteristic in the lives of many Service Users ( SUs ) . They go on to province that sociology in Social Work is an of import accomplishment for Social Workers to convey into pattern to assist underpin the General Social Care Council ( GSCC ) Codes of Practice ( COP ) . The GSCC COP province SW s must hold appropriate cognition and accomplishments to supply societal attention and maintain those accomplishments and knowledge up to day of the month. Harmonizing to Knijn, Martin and Millar, ( 2007 ) cut downing public assistance dependence for lone parents could ensue in decreased public assistance outgo and maximised employment rates along with improved socio-political impact for adult females. The fiscal inducements for work had to be substantial and sustainable to cut down the hazard o f in-work poorness. Gregg, Harkness and Smith, ( 2007 ) stated that as portion of its public assistance reform and kid poorness scheme, the incoming New Labour authorities initiated a series of policies aimed at cut downing child poorness in 1997 and a cardinal component of this was to increase employment rates amongst households with kids, particularly solitary parents. Finch et Al ( 2004 ) suggested that a deficiency of good child care is one of the important barriers to the authoritiess target to increase the solitary parent employment rate to 70 % by 2010. The Welfare Reform Green Paper ( 2007 ) provinces work is at the bosom of our Welfare Reform Programme . Allan ( 1997 ) stated that benefit ordinances were changed in an attempt to promote lone female parents into work and greater force per unit area was put on non-resident male parents to do sufficient fiscal parts to their kids s demands. In its Green Paper ( 1998 ) Supporting Families, New Labour s stance on lone parents was clear about the be nefits of matrimony ( Cunningham and Cunningham, 2010 ) and besides stated paid work is the best path out of poorness ( Department of Social Security ( DSS ) ( 1998 ) . Lone parents were one of their cardinal mark groups. At this phase parents could still take between remaining at place and being a parent or traveling out to work. In the Budget 2010 reference, Mr Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, stated that the authorities expects lone parents to look for work when their youngest kid goes to school. The changesA were implemented on 25 October 2010 and affected lone parents claiming IS.A Job Seekers Allowance ( JSA ) Regulations ( 2010 ) changed the policy excessively, one time kids are of full clip school age, parents who are able to work and are claiming benefits should be expected to look for paid work to back up themselves and their household. Ahrends, J ( 2010 ) stated that Gingerbread, a charity for individual parents, is still naming on the Coalition Government toA implement programs to enable all employees to use for flexible working, to guarantee all occupations in the populace sector are offered on a part- clip or flexible footing andA introduce a right to paid parental leave to assist parents cover with clip off when kids are sick. David Cameron, Gordon Brown and Nick Clegg wholly pledged to dispute bias against individual parents in 2010 ( Ahrends, 2010 ) and the freshly elected Coalition Government ( 2010 ) further stated that it was committed to presenting flexible working for all and launched a taskforce on kids and households, unluckily 9 months subsequently this same authorities has scraped ordinances which came into force April 2011 as portion of a bundle of steps to cut down bureaucratism for concerns. Stratton and Wintour ( 2011 ) wrote in The Guardian, Vince Cable, the Business Secretary, will relieve houses with fewer than 10 employees from all new ruddy tape for three old ages as it subjects 21,000 pieces of ordinance to an audit by the populace. This will see a shelving of the right to bespeak flexible working for parents with kids under 17 which will use to all houses, non merely little 1s. It will besides trash the right to bespeak clip for preparation and instruction toward Continuous Professi onal Development ( CPD ) . Freegard, ( 2010 ) co-founder of NetMums, commented on the benefit alterations and suggested many lone parents would be experiencing really dying. She besides noted individual parents frequently want to work, but happening occupations to suit around the school twenty-four hours is really hard ; as is happening and paying for suited good quality child care before and after the school twenty-four hours. Woods D ( 2010 ) stated that family-friendly occupations are still far excessively rare despite the Government necessitating 100,000 individual parents to seek work in 2011. Harmonizing to Gingerbread the huge deficiency of occupations with flexibleness could endanger programs to hold more individual parents in work. A national study of individual parent members and users of NetMums web site found that members had seen few occupations advertised that they could use few for with portion clip hours, within school hours or as a occupation portion or flexible in some other manner. Establishing a Gingerbread Briefing on flexible working, main executive of the charity Weir ( 2011 ) called on the Government to travel faster on programs for flexible working: She stated that the concern instance for flexible working has been proven with most employers holding that people work best when they have a work/life balance. Giullari, ( 2009 ) provinces in footings of poorness obliteration at that place has been an betterment. Single parents employment rate has surely risen, from 40 % in the early 1980s to 56.6 % in 2009. The Freud Report, ( 2007 ) states it is an progressively common outlook that one time kids reach school age so reception of benefits should be conditional on looking for a occupation. JSA is the chief benefit for people who are out of work, to have it you must be available for and actively looking for work. JSA is merely given to bona fide jobseekers, anyone who refuses an interview, re-start interview or fails to maintain the occupation hunt diary faces instant surcease of their esthesis benefits ; this is non suited for all. Lone parents still have the right toA limit their hours and non be expected to work outside normal school hours. For the authoritiess policy to work, there has to be sustainable, flexible work for lone parents to be employed in. Under this public assistance ideology one of the cardinal premises is that all grownups should be in work even if it means unstable employment ( Lewis and Giullari 2005 ) . This public assistance political orientation accents and promo tes active societal policies and needs full employment to accomplish this ( Knijn et al, 2007 ) . The Coalition Work and Pensions ( DWP ) Minister, Maria Miller stated, We know that work is the best path out of poorness . Now with individualized intercessions the most successful are when the intercession meets the SU demands, wants and capacities ( Van Berkel and Valkenburg 2006 ) . Ahrends, ( 2011 ) debates although consecutive authoritiess have promoted work as the path out of poorness and that many individual parents are better off in paid work this is non ever the instance: 21 % of kids whose individual parent is in full clip work still fall below the poorness line, as do 29 % of kids whose individual parent is working portion clip. Ahrends ( 2010 ) further provinces 4 out of 10 kids populating in poorness are in a individual parent family, and 9 out of 10 of them are female parents. More than 20 % of adult females have persistently low incomes, assisting, instead than coerci ng, these adult females is the reply. Finch et Al ( 2004 ) discusses that legion surveies have suggested that Britain s parents are neglecting, kids are suffering and have hapless moral, societal and rational upbringing. Paton, ( 2011 ) writes kids from individual parent households are worse behaved , kids raised by individual female parents are twice every bit likely to misconduct as those born into traditional two-parent households, harmonizing to the Daily Telegraph. Headlines like this addition lone parents believing that the authorities believes rearing can be doneA alongside of portion clip work are counterproductive. When a lone parent starts work, there are many alterations to day-to-day life. and the lives of their households and other household members may hold to be more involved in kid attention. All of this including the societal, work, carer and school scenes are cardinal elements to work sustainability ; this has non yet been consistently explored in research ( Millar and Ridge, 2009 ) . The Freud Review ( 2007 ) fails to reply hard inquiries of how seting force per unit area on the most vulnerable will assist the authorities to run into their kid poorness marks and enable the best start for all kids. Single parents want to work, for assorted grounds ; increased income and fiscal independency are cardinal incentives along with personal independency, the chance for societal interaction with other grownups, and to put a good illustration to their kids. Harmonizing to Ahrends, ( 2010 ) 42 % of individual parents say that holding about any occupation is better than being unemployed on benefits. Throughout Britain, a high proportion of individual parent households are already in state of affairss of terrible fiscal exposure. The cost of life in Britain is ?13,400 ( Bradshaw et al. 2008, P. 32 ) . Figures produced for the DWP ( See annex A ) reveal that over 50 % of people populating in individual parent households fall into the low-income bracket, which is defined as below 60 % of the national average income after subtracting lodging costs ( about ?195 per hebdomad for a individual parent with kids ) . In contrast, less than 5 % of two parent households fall into this class ( DWP, 2010 ) . Finch et Al ( 2010 ) province individual parent households will endure disproportionately, non merely under cuts to public services but besides under revenue enhancement additions and benefit alterations. It is clear that individual parent households, particularly those headed by adult females, are at hazard of going even more vulnerable to poorness. Jenkins, ( 2011 ) states that as most kids populating in terrible poorness are in workless families, precedence should be given to taking barriers to employment for parents populating in poorness. Key measures to battle child poorness include aid with child care costs for low income families and more support for parents who work in parttime occupations ; this could be done by raising the earned income degree at which lone parents can claim full benefits, supplying more training chances for parents who need and want to hike their accomplishments and an additions in the minimal pay. The London School of Economics and Political Science province the Misery Index is a simple economic construct, which puts together the ailments of rising prices and unemployment together into a individual sum of our fiscal despondence ( Rainford, 2011 ) . February 2011 saw it hit the highest degree since October 1992. The Fawcett Society, a charity that campaigns for equality between adult females and work forces, points out, unemployment among adult females is already at its highest for the last 20 old ages. Womans are the biggest also-rans under the public sector cuts. Womans are besides most likely to be affected by the authorities s programs to reexamine ordinances that load concern. The Fawcett Society ( 2011 ) province that the budget was a good chance missed, to show a believable growing program and had some consideration of how to enable adult females to take up new occupations in the private sector. These steps were put in topographic point to undertake the private secto r wage spread and advance family-friendly occupations, which reflect the demands of a modern work force. Lone parents are confronting a altering environment of societal protection because of decrease in services and monies available because of the cardinal authorities cuts. With the Coalition Government there has been a displacement off from back uping lone parents being full clip carers at place to an employment-based maternal theoretical account. There is a rhetoric focal point and way towards back uping employment and now the move to compulsory work-related demands. Lone parents with kids five old ages or over are treated the same as any other unemployed claimant ( Woods, 2011 ) . Lone parents are non now seen as holding caring duties but as a wider portion of a hidden unemployed. DWP ( 2008 ) province the authorities s scheme is to increase employment and lessening poorness among solitary parents but there are many obstructions still to be overcome. Gloster, et Al. ( 2010 ) province that some of this is the mutual exclusiveness between low paid, parttime untypical occupations and t he primary lovingness duties of lone parents there is besides no systematic proviso for particular paid or unpaid leave, good quality low-cost child care is hard to happen and there are few developing programmes that fit into the lives of lone parents. Without the security of a 2nd pay, child revenue enhancement credits are paid irrespective of the work position and the working revenue enhancement recognition is specifically intended as a addendum for low rewards all contribute to this mutual exclusiveness. Family-friendly employment with a work/life balance are non now portion of the authorities s policies and without action from both the Government and employers, many individual parents will stay in the poorness trap. ( Woods, 2011 ) ( Word Count 2730 )

Communications Essay about Running a Night Club

Communications about Running a Night Club - Essay Example existing for such a business, however the disadvantage could be that there will be a higher level of competition for the business that is proposed to be set up. Another issue that needs to be considered is the question of overheads. Some very popular nightclubs in Dublin, such as the Bodytonic, actually started off in a small sweaty basement, but it is now a thriving nightclub with many branches. Therefore, starting off small appears to be a better business proposition because it would keep the overhead costs down. There would be lower maintenance expenses, because it could be started in the basement of a private house and can later be expanded after it starts making money. Since the private house in question may be a little out of the way, it may be necessary to carefully advertise the opening of the new business and to post signs and directions to reach the nightclub. This could be done using some cheap form of advertisement, such as flyers or word of mouth rather than incurring a great deal of expense for advertising in the well known magazines. Some large arrows and hand written signs strategically placed could also serve to provide the right directions, so that the party crowd can move from the general nightclub area to the proposed establishment. One of the most important factors that must be taken into consideration is the current recessionary atmosphere, where most businesses are struggling to pull in enough customers to sustain their expenses. Therefore, the club fees may need to be low at first, so that it encourages people to come and sample the music. If the advertised entry fees are lower than what is available at other clubs, it would provide an incentive for customers to choose the new establishment instead. Also, other promotional measures may need to be considered, such as for example, allowing free entry for a partner, so that this encourages couples to come to the new nightclub rather than patronizing the already existing ones. Another